Definitions of plant physiology and crop physiology: importance of crop physiology; Relationship of crop physiology with other branches of crop science

Diffusion and osmosis; physiological roles of water to crop plants; Definition of water potential and its components of water potential

Water absorption by plants: concept of active and passive 133, absorption Waier loss by plants: Types of water loss: transpiration, stomatal physiology and guttation; Water use efficiency Essential and beneficial elements; Passive and active transport of mineral element Functions of essential elements; Criteria of essentiality of nutrients; Correction measures for nutrient deficiency symptoms Foliar nutrition and root feeding significance; Aeroponics Imbibition; Field capacity, permanent wilting point and available soil moisture; Apoplast, symplast and transmembrane Ascent of sap theories and mechanism

Soil-plant-atmospheric continuum, Significance of transpiration. Stomatalopening and closing mechanisms Definition of cavitation and embolism. Antitranspiranis types and examples. Hydroponics and sand culture

Overview of plant cell organelle and their functions.

Brief outline of: Photosynthetic apparatus, pigment system, quantum requirement and quantum yield; Structure of chloroplast, Examples of different photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoids, phycobilins etc.).

Difference between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Structure of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, Short discussion on quantum requirement and quantum yield

Introduction to light reaction of photosynthesis, Light absorption by photosynthetic pigments and transfer of energy.

Red drop and Emerson enhancement effect, Pigment system I and IL. Source of 02 during photosynthesis: Hill reaction

Brief introduction to cyclic and non-cyclic photo-phosphorylation: production of assimilatory powers

Introduction to C3, C4 and CAM pathways: Calvin Cycle, Hatch and Slack Cycle, CAM Cycle

Significance of these pathways (concept of photorespiration, absence of photorespiration in C4 plant: Productivity of C4 plant, CAM: an adaptive mechanism); Factors affecting photosynthesis (light, temperature, CO2, 02 ete.) Outline of the process of respiration: Definition and importance, Glycolysis

Kreb Cycle and ETC, Factors affecting respiration (02, temperature, CO2 ete.)

Terminologies / Definitions: Growth, Development and Differentiation. Measurement of plant growth (fresh weight, dry weight, linear dimension, area ete.).

Introduction to CGR, RGR, NAR_ etc. Photoperiodism: Photoperiodic Classification of plants: Short Day Plant, Long Day Plant, Day Neutral plant etc.

Introduction to Photoperiodic induction site of photo-inductive perception, Role of Phytochrome

Introduction to Vernalization (What is vernalization, devernalization ctc.), Meaning, classification (seasonal, sequential etc.), relation with abscission

Physiological and biochemical changes during senescence, Abscission and its significance

Concept of stay green, Hormonal regulation of senescence

Terminologies / Definitions: Plant hormone, Plant growth regulators (PGR), Plant growth inhibitor. Recognized classes of PGR (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene and Abscisic acid)

Major physiological roles of PGR, Agricultural uses of PGRs (IBA, NAA, 2, 4-D, GAs, Kinetin etc.).

Demonstration of imbibition 2. Demonstration of osmosis 1 3. Demonstration of plasmolysis I 4. Estimation of water potential (Chardakov’s method) I 5. Estimation of relative water content 1 6. Estimation of photosynthetic pigments 1 7. Determination of transpiration rate 1 8. _ Determination of photosynthetic rate I 9. Determination of respiration 1 10. _ Identification or deficiency and toxicity symptoms in plant 1 lL. Identification of nutrients by hydroponic techniques 1

Study on structure and distribution of stomata

Plant growth analysis and Study on senescence and abscission and hormonal regulation of senescence

Demonstration of the effects of different PGRs on plants

Leaf anatomy of C3 and C4 plants